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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
SPACE SHUTTLE MISSION STS-48 PRESS KIT
SEPTEMBER 1991
CONTENTS
GENERAL RELEASE
MEDIA SERVICES
STS-48 QUICK-LOOK FACTS
SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES
VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS
SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES
TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
STS-48 ON-ORBIT EVENTS
PRELAUNCH PROCESSING
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE (UARS)
PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH-II-2 (PCG-II-2)
MIDDECK 0-GRAVITY DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT (MODE)
COSMIC RADIATION EFFECTS AND ACTIVATION MONITOR (CREAM)
RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III (RME-III)
AIR FORCE MAUI OPTICAL SYSTEM (AMOS)
SHUTTLE ACTIVATION MONITOR (SAM)
INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING (IPMP)
ELECTRONIC STILL PHOTOGRAPHY TEST
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL EXPERIMENT (PARE)
STS-48 CREW BIOGRAPHIES
STS-48 MISSION MANAGEMENT
STS-48 DISCOVERY TO LOFT SATELLITE TO STUDY ATMOSPHERE, OZONE
AUGUST 22, 1991
RELEASE: 91-136
Discovery will deploy the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) 350
statute miles above Earth to study mankind's effect on the planet's atmosphere
and its shielding ozone layer as the highlight of Space Shuttle mission STS-48.
Once deployed, UARS will have two opportunities to study winters in the
northern hemisphere and one opportunity to study the Antarctic ozone hole
during the satellite's planned 20-month life.
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is the first major flight
element of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a multi-year global research program
that will use ground-based, airborne and space-based instruments to study the
Earth as a complete environmental system. Mission to Planet Earth is NASA's
contribution to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, a multi-agency effort
to better understand, analyze and predict the effect of human activity on the
Earth's environment.
UARS is designed to help scientists learn more about the fragile mixture of
gases protecting Earth from the harsh environment of space. UARS will provide
scientists with their first complete data set on the upper atmosphere's
chemistry, winds and energy inputs.
Discovery is planned to launch into a 57-degree inclination polar orbit at 6:57
p.m. EDT, Sept.. 12, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39A on STS-48,
Discovery's 13th flight and the 43rd Shuttle mission.
Secondary objectives on the flight include Protein Crystal Growth-7, the
seventh flight of a middeck experiment in growing protein crystals in
weightlessness; the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment, a study of how
fluids and structures react in weightlessness; the Investigations into Polymer
Membrane Processing-4, research into creating polymer membranes, used as
filters in many industrial refining processes, in space; the Physiological and
Anatomical Rodent Experiment, a study of the effects of weightlessness on
rodents; the Shuttle Activation Monitor, a device that will measure the amounts
of gamma rays in the Shuttle's crew cabin; the Cosmic Radiation Effects and
Activation Monitor, a study of cosmic radiation in the orbiter environment; the
Radiation Monitoring Experiment, an often flown device that monitors the
amounts of radiation inside the Shuttle; and the Air Force Maui Optical System,
a use of the Shuttle's visibility in orbit to calibrate Air Force optical
instruments in Hawaii. Also, in the payload bay with UARS, the Ascent Particle
Monitor will measure any contaminants that enter the cargo bay during launch.
Commanding Discovery will be Navy Capt. John Creighton. Navy Cmdr. Ken
Reightler, making his first space flight, will serve as pilot. Mission
Specialists will be Marine Corps Col. Jim Buchli, Army Lt. Col. Sam Gemar and
Air Force Col. Mark Brown. The 5-day mission is scheduled to land at Kennedy's
Shuttle Landing Facility at about 1:55 a.m. EDT Sept. 18, 1991.
MEDIA SERVICES
NASA Select Television Transmission
NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R, Transponder 13, located at
72 degrees west longitude; frequency 3960.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz.
The schedule for television transmissions from the orbiter and for
change-of-shift briefings from Johnson Space Center, Houston, will be available
during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, Fla; Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Ala.; Johnson Space Center; and NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
The television schedule will be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission
operations.
Television schedules also may be obtained by calling the Johnson TV schedule
bulletin board, 713/483-5817. The bulletin board is a computer data base
service requiring the use of a telephone modem. A voice update of the
television schedule may be obtained by dialing 202/755-1788. This service is
updated daily at noon ET.
Status Reports
Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and
landing operations will be produced by the appropriate NASA news center.
Briefings
A mission briefing schedule will be issued prior to launch. During the mission,
change-of-shift briefings by an off-going flight director will occur at least
once a day. The updated NASA Select television schedule will indicate when
mission briefings are planned to occur.
STS-48 QUICK LOOK
Launch Date:September 12, 1991
Launch Site:Kennedy Space Center, Fla., Pad 39A
Launch Window:6:57 p.m.-7:41 p.m. EDT
Orbiter:Discovery (OV-103)
Orbit:351 x 351 statute miles, 57 degrees inclination
Landing Date/Time:Sept. 18, 1991, 1:55 a.m. EDT
Primary Landing Site:Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
Abort Landing Sites:
Return to Launch Site - Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
Transoceanic Abort Landing - Zaragosa, Spain
Alternate Transoceanic Abort Landing - Moron, Spain; Ben Guerir, Morocco
Abort Once Around - Edwards Air Force Base, Calif.
Crew Members:
John Creighton, Commander
Kenneth Reightler, Jr., Pilot
Charles D. Gemar, Mission Specialist 1
James F. Buchli, Mission Specialist 2
Mark N. Brown, Mission Specialist 3
Cargo Bay Payloads:
UARS (Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite)
APM-03 (Atmospheric Particle Monitor-3)
Middeck Payloads:
RME-III-06 (Radiation Monitoring Experiment-III)
PCG-07 (Protein Crystal Growth-7)
MODE-01 (Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment-1)
IPMP-04 (Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing-4)
PARE-01 (Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment-1)
SAM-03 (Shuttle Activation Monitor-1)
CREAM-01 (Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor-1)
AMOS (Air Force Maui Optical System-12)
Electronic Still Photography Camera
SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES
DAY ONE
Ascent
OMS 2
RCS-1
RCS-2
UARS on-orbit checkout
PCG activation
DAY TWO
Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment
Extravehicular Mobility Unit checkout
Depressurize cabin to 10.2 psi
DAY THREE
UARS deploy
Repressurize cabin to 14.7 psi
Medical DSOs
DAY FOUR
Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment
Shuttle Activation Monitor
DAY FIVE
Protein Crystal Growth deactivation
Shuttle Activation Monitor stow
Flight Control Systems checkout
Reaction Control System hot-fire
Cabin stow
DAY SIX
Deorbit preparation
Deorbit
Landing
VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS
Pounds
Orbiter (Discovery) empty and 3 SSMEs 172,651
Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) 14,419
UARS Airborne Support Equipment 2,164
Ascent Particle Monitor 22
Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor 48
Radiation Monitoring Experiment 7
Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing 41
Protein Crystal Growth 89
Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment 130
Shuttle Activation Monitor 90
Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment 70
Detailed Supplementary Objectives (DSOs) 215
Detailed Test Objectives 45
Total Vehicle at SRB Ignition 4,507,348
Orbiter Landing Weight 192,507
SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES
Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims for a safe and intact recovery of
the flight crew, orbiter and its payload. Abort modes include:
* Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine thrust late enough to
permit reaching a minimal 120 statute mile orbit with orbital maneuvering
system engines.
* Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine shutdown with the capability
to allow one orbit around before landing at either Edwards Air Force Base,
Calif.; the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; or
White Sands Space Harbor (Northrup Strip), N.M.
* Trans-Atlantic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or more main engines midway
through powered flight would force a landing at either Zaragosa, Spain; Moron,
Spain or Ben Guerir, Morocco.
* Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one or more engines without
enough energy to reach Zaragosa would result in a pitch around and thrust back
toward KSC until within gliding distance of the SLF.
STS-48 contingency landing sites are Edwards AFB, Kennedy Space Center, White
Sands, Zaragosa, Moron and Ben Guerir.
STS-48 TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS
EVENT MET REL. VELOCITY MACH ALTITUDE
(d:h:m:s) (fps) (ft)
Launch 00/00:00:00
Begin Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:10 191 .17 813
End Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:19 434 .39 3,710
SSME Throttle Down to 89% 00/00:00:22 517 .46 4,999
SSME Throttle Down to 67% 00/00:00:30 719 .65 9,362
SSME Throttle Up to 104% 00/00:01:02 1,470 1.49 39,013
Max. Dyn. Pressure (Max Q) 00/00:01:05 1,573 1.63 42,512
SRB Staging 00/00:02:04 4,162 3.86 153,823
Main Engine Cutoff (MECO) 00/00:08:37 25,241 22.14 373,714
Zero Thrust 00/00:08:43 25,255 N/A 377,239
ET Separation 00/00:08:55
OMS-2 Burn 00/00:43:41
Landing (orbit 81) 05/08:31:00
Apogee, Perigee at MECO: 287 x 35 nautical miles
Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 2: 291 x 293 nautical miles
STS-48 ON-ORBIT EVENTS
EVENT MET APOGEE PERIGEE ORBIT DELTA V
(d:h:m:s) (n.m.) (fps)
OMS-2 00/00:48:00 291x293 1 448.1
RCS-1 (forward) 00/06:42:00 292x305 5 23.5
RCS-2 (aft) 00/07:29:00 305x306 5 22.4
UARS Deploy 02/04:35:00 305x306 33 n/a
RCS-3 (separation 1) 02/04:36:00 306x308 33 2
RCS-4 (separation 2) 02/04:53:00 303x306 34 5.5
Deorbit 05/07:18:00 n/a 80 501
STS-48 PRELAUNCH PROCESSING
Flight preparations on Discovery for the STS-48 mission began May 7 following
its last mission, STS-39, which ended with a landing at KSC's Shuttle Landing
Facility. Discovery was towed from the runway to the Orbiter Processing
Facility (OPF) to start operations for its 13th flight. Discovery's systems
were fully tested while in the OPF including the orbital maneuvering system
pods and the forward reaction control system.
Space Shuttle main engine locations for this flight are as follows: engine 2019
in the No. 1 position, engine 2031 in the No. 2 position and engine 2107 in the
No. 3 position. These engines were installed in June.
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite arrived at the Kennedy Space Center by
barge on May 13 and was taken to the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility for
final installation of the flight components and spacecraft checkout. On July 27
it was transfered to the Vertical Processing Facility for testing to verify its
compatability and readiness to be integrated with the Space Shuttle.
UARS was moved to Pad 39-A on Aug. 10 and installed into the payload bay of
Discovery on Aug. 14. Integrated testing, communications checks and a Launch
Readiness Test were scheduled to verify that UARS was ready for the pending
deployment and its mission.
Booster stacking operations on mobile launcher platform 3 began June 27 with
the right aft booster. Stacking of all booster segments was completed by July
20. The external tank was mated to the boosters on July 24 and the Orbiter
Discovery was transferred to the Vehicle Assembly Building on July 25. The
orbiter was mated to the external tank and solid rocket boosters on Aug. 2.
The STS-48 vehicle was rolled out to Launch Pad 39-A on Aug. 12. A dress
rehearsal launch countdown was held Aug. 19-20 at KSC. A standard 43-hour
launch countdown is scheduled to begin 3 days prior to launch. During the
countdown, the orbiter's onboard fuel and oxidizer storage tanks will be loaded
and all orbiter systems will be prepared for flight.
About 9 hours before launch the external tank will be filled with its flight
load of a half a million gallons of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen
propellants. About 2 and one-half hours before liftoff, the flight crew will
begin taking their assigned seats in the crew cabin.
The first night landing is planned at the Shuttle Landing Facility at the
conclusion of this 5-day mission. KSC's landing convoy teams will safe the
vehicle on the runway and tow it into the new Orbiter Processing Facility. This
will mark the first use of OPF bay 3 where Discovery will be prepared for its
14th space flight, Mission STS-42 with the International Microgravity
Laboratory.
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) is the first major flight
element of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a multi-year global research program
that will use ground-based, airborne and space-based instruments to study the
Earth as a complete environmental system. Mission to Planet Earth is NASA's
contribution to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, a multi-agency effort
to better understand, analyze and predict the effect of human activity on the
Earth's environment.
UARS is designed to help scientists learn more about the fragile mixture of
gases protecting Earth from the harsh environment of space. UARS will provide
scientists with their first complete data set on the upper atmosphere's
chemistry, winds and energy inputs.
One of UARS' focuses will be an area in which humanity's technological
advancement is changing the Earth on a global scale -- depletion of ozone in
the stratosphere, or upper atmosphere. The stratosphere ranges from
approximately 9 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface. Ozone, a molecule made
up of three oxygen atoms, blocks ultraviolet light that can cause skin cancer
and damage food crops.
Although there are some natural causes of stratospheric ozone depletion, such
as volcanic eruptions, the "ozone hole" that forms over Antarctica in the
Southern Hemisphere's spring season and the 5 percent depletion observed over
northern mid-latitudes in the last decade are a direct consequence of human
activity. These long-term ozone trends are caused by chlorine compounds
released into the atmosphere as byproducts of industry, including refrigeration
and the making of plastic foam.
To study ozone depletion more completely and to better understand other aspects
of Earth's fragile atmosphere, scientists need the global perspective available
from an orbiting satellite, one that makes simultaneous measurements of all the
factors of ozone depletion with state-of-the-art instruments. To that end, the
UARS science program has been designed as a single experiment with nine
component instruments that will study the upper atmosphere's chemical, dynamic
and energy systems. In addition to the UARS instrument science teams, 10 other
teams will use the data to improve theoretical models of the upper atmosphere
and consequently, scientists' ability to predict the effects of change in the
atmosphere.
An extensive program of correlative investigations using ground-based, aircraft
and balloon-carried instruments is also planned. As a whole, the UARS program
is designed to give scientists the data they need to address the challenge of
Mission to Planet Earth -- to understand and predict the effect of human
activity on the environment.
UARS's nine complementary scientific instruments each provide measurements
critical to a more complete understanding of the upper atmosphere,
concentrating their observations in chemistry, dynamics and energy input.
UARS carries a 10th instrument, the Active Cavity Radiometer II (ACRIM II),
that is not technically part of the UARS mission. ACRIM II will take advantage
of a flight opportunity aboard UARS to study the Sun's energy output, an
important variable in the study of the Earth's climate.
Chemistry Studies
Four of UARS' instruments will measure the concentrations and distribution of
gases important to ozone depletion, climate change and other atmospheric
phenomena.
Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer
Like all spectrometers, the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES)
will search for the tell-tale spectra that indicate the presence of certain
chemicals. In particular, CLAES will determine concentrations and distributions
by altitude of nitrogen and chlorine compounds, ozone, water vapor and methane,
all of which take part in the chemistry of ozone depletion. Principal
Investigator for CLAES is Dr. Aidan E. Roche, Lockheed Palo Alto Research
Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif. Dr. John Gille of the National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo., is a collaborative investigator.
Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder
The Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS) will study
atmospheric water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitric acid, ozone,
methane and carbon monoxide. Like CLAES, ISAMS detects infrared radiation from
the atmosphere and uses it to derive information on atmospheric temperature and
composition. Principal Investigator for ISAMS is Dr. Fred W. Taylor, University
of Oxford, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Oxford, United Kingdom. Dr. James
M. Russell III of NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., is a
collaborative investigator.
Microwave Limb Sounder
The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) will provide, for the first time, a global
data set on chlorine monoxide, the key intermediate compound in the ozone
destruction cycle. MLS data also will be used to generate three-dimensional
maps of ozone distribution and to detect water vapor in the microwave spectral
range. Principal Investigator for MLS is Dr. Joseph W. Waters, NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Halogen Occultation Experiment
The Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) will observe the vertical
distribution of hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, methane, carbon dioxide,
ozone, water vapor and members of the nitrogen family. Each day, HALOE will
observe 28 solar occultations, that is, it will look through Earth's atmosphere
toward the sun to measure the energy absorption of the Sun's rays by these
gases. Principal Investigator for HALOE is Dr. James M. Russell III, NASA's
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va.
Dynamics
Two instruments, the High Resolution Doppler Imager and the Wind Imaging
Interferometer, will provide scientists with the first directly measured,
global picture of the horizontal winds that disperse chemicals and aerosols
through the upper atmosphere.
High Resolution Doppler Imager
By measuring the Doppler shifts of atmospheric chemicals, the High Resolution
Doppler Imager (HRDI) will measure atmospheric winds between 6.2 and 28 miles
and above 34 miles. These data are important to understanding the essential
role of atmospheric motion on the distribution of chemicals in the upper
atmosphere. Principal Investigator for HRDI is Dr. Paul B. Hays, University of
Michigan, Space Physics Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor.
Wind Imaging Interferometer
The Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) also will use the Doppler shift
measurement technique to develop altitude profiles of horizontal winds in the
upper atmosphere. WINDII's measurements will tell scientists about the winds at
and above 49 miles. Principal Investigator for WINDII is Dr. Gordon G.
Shepherd, York University, Ontario, Canada. The investigation is provided by a
partnership between Canada and France, with the latter making important
contributions to the data analysis software.
Energy Inputs
Three instruments, the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor, the Solar
Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment, and the Partial Environment Monitor,
will measure solar energy that reaches the Earth and study its effect on the
atmosphere.
Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor
Ultraviolet light from the Sun is the driver of the ozone cycle, dissociating
chlorine compounds into reactive chlorine atoms that in turn break up ozone
molecules . The Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) will
measure solar ultraviolet energy, the most important spectral range in ozone
chemistry. Principal Investigator for SUSIM is Dr. Guenter E. Brueckner, Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.
Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment
Like SUSIM, the Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) will
conduct in-depth ultraviolet studies of the Sun. SUSIM will compare the Sun's
ultraviolet energy to the UV radiation of bright blue stars, providing a
standard against which the solar energy level can be measured in future
long-term monitoring of the Sun. Principal Investigator for SOLSTICE is Dr.
Gary J. Rottman, University of Colorado, Boulder.
Particle Environment Monitor
The Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) will help to answer questions about the
effect of energetic particles from the Sun on the upper atmosphere, detecting
and measuring the particles as they enter the atmosphere. PEM uses four primary
instrument subunits to take detailed particle measurements in different energy
ranges. Principal Investigator for PEM is Dr. J. David Winningham, Southwest
Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas.
Solar Constant
Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor
The Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM II) will provide
accurate monitoring of total solar activity for long-term climate studies.
ACRIM II is an instrument of opportunity, added to the UARS spacecraft after
the engineering team determined that the spacecraft could fly a 10th
instrument. Though not a part of the UARS program, ACRIM II data is important
to other studies within Mission to Planet Earth. Principal Investigator for
ACRIM II is Dr. Richard D. Willson, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
Calif.
Propulsion
The UARS observatory consists of a standard design Multi-mission Modular
Spacecraft (MMS), coupled to a module that includes the 10 instruments. The MMS
Hydrazine Propulsion Module will power orbit adjustment maneuvers for the
initial boost to orbit and maintain the required altitude. The system consists
of four 5-pound thrusters and 12 small 0.2-pound attitude control thrusters.
The MMS was built by Fairchild, Inc., Germantown, Md.
Modular Attitude Control System
For UARS to make the minute changes in its orientation toward the Earth needed
for the long-duration measurements of the atmosphere, the spacecraft must know
at all times where it is pointed. To do this, UARS uses a system known as the
Modular Attitude Control System (MACS). The MACS subsystem is a three-axis
system made up of many flight-proven NASA components contained within the MMS.
The system contains sensors that tell UARS where it's pointed and actuators
that can point the spacecraft as required. The MACS module originally flew
aboard the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). It was returned to Earth as part of the
1984 SMM repair mission and refurbished for flight aboard UARS.
Communications and Data Handling
The Communications and Data Handling (CADH) system uses software based on
proven modular technology that flew on the Solar Maximum Mission and Landsat 4
and 5. The modular programming allows sections of the software to be rewritten
or repaired without requiring end-to-end verification of an entire new program.
The CADH system consists of the CADH module, a high-gain antenna and two
omni-directional low-gain antennas.
The CADH also has a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
transponder for communications between UARS and TDRSS. UARS uses a NASA
standard spacecraft computer which provides for some autonomous operation of
the spacecraft. It will perform such tasks as command processing, attitude
determination computations and power management.
Payload Operation and Control Center
Instructions to UARS during its space voyage begin with the controllers at
computer terminals located in the UARS Payload Operations Control Center (POCC)
at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. The POCC is the focal point
for all UARS pre-mission preparations and on-orbit operations. For the UARS
mission, the POCC is part of the Multi-satellite Operations Control Center
(MSOCC) at Goddard that provides mission scheduling, tracking, telemetry data
acquisition, command and processing required for down linked data.
UARS Ground Data System
A dedicated Central Data Handling Facility (CDHF), located at the Goddard Space
Flight Center, will process the UARS scientific data. The CDHF is linked to 20
Remote Analysis Computers at the instrument and theoretical principal
investigator's home institutions via an electronic communications system. This
will make all UARS data available to all investigators. The CDHF also is
designed to encourage frequent interactions between the different investigation
groups and facilitate quick response to unusual events, such as solar flares
and volcanic eruptions.
UARS scientific data will be continuously recorded on two alternating onboard
tape recorders at the rate of 32 kilobits per second. Upon acquiring contact
with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, the UARS data will be transmitted
via the NASA Communications Network to the Data Capture Facility (DCF), located
at Goddard. The DCF will perform telemetry preprocessing, which includes
time-ordering, merging, editing and sorting of the data stream. The output will
be transferred to the UARS CDHF.
Thermal Subsystems
Thermal control of UARS during launch and orbital operation will be largely
through passive means -- paint, blankets, coatings and temperature sensors
augmented by electrical heaters. The CLAES and ISAMS instruments have special
cooling requirements met by subsystems within the instruments.
UARS was built and integrated by General Electric Astro-Space Division, Valley
Forge, Penn., and East Windsor, N.J. The UARS project is managed by the Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., for NASA's Office of Space Science and
Applications.
PROTEIN CRYSTAL GROWTH (PCG)
In collaboration with a medical researcher at the University of Alabama at
Birmingham, NASA is continuing a series of experiments in protein crystal
growth that may prove a major benefit to medical technology.
These experiments could improve food production and lead to innovative new
pharmaceutical agents to combat cancer, immune system disorders, rheumatoid
arthritis, emphysema and many other diseases.
Background
In a protein crystal, individual protein molecules occupy locations in a
repeating array. With a good crystal roughly the size of a grain of table salt,
scientists are able to determine, using a technique known as X-ray diffraction,
the structure of protein molecules.
Determining a protein crystal's molecular shape is an essential step in several
phases of medical research. Once the three-dimensional structure of a protein
is known, it may be possible to design drugs that will either block or enhance
the protein's normal function within the body. Though crystallographic
techniques can be used to determine a protein's structure, this powerful
technique has been limited by problems encountered in obtaining high-quality
crystals well ordered and large enough to yield precise structural information.
Protein crystals grown on Earth are often small and flawed.
One hypothesis for the problems associated with growing these crystals can be
understood by imagining the process of filling a sports stadium with fans who
all have reserved seats. Once the gate opens, people flock to their seats and,
in the confusion, often sit in someone else's place. On Earth, gravity-driven
convection keeps the molecules crowded around the "seats" as they attempt to
order themselves. Unfortunately, protein molecules are not as particular as
many of the smaller molecules and are often content to take the wrong places in
the structure.
As would happen if you let the fans into the stands slowly, microgravity allows
the scientist to slow the rate at which molecules arrive at their seats. Since
the molecules have more time to find their spot, fewer mistakes are made,
creating better and larger crystals.
During STS-48, 60 different protein crystal growth experiments will be
conducted simultaneously. Though there are four processes used to grow crystals
on Earth -- vapor diffusion, batch process, liquid diffusion and dialysis --
only vapor diffusion will be used in this set of experiments.
Shortly after achieving orbit, either Mission Specialist Kenneth Reightler or
Charles D. Gemar will combine each of the protein solutions with other
solutions containing a precipitation agent to form small droplets on the ends
of double-barreled syringes positioned in small chambers. Water vapor will
diffuse from each droplet to a solution absorbed in a porous reservoir that
lines each chamber. The loss of water by this vapor diffusion process will
produce conditions that cause protein crystals to grow in the droplets.
Protein crystal growth experiments were first carried out by the investigating
team during STS 51-D in April 1985. These experiments have flown a total of 10
times. The first four flights of hand-held protein crystal growth were
primarily designed to develop space crystal growing techniques and hardware.
The next four flights were scientific attempts to grow useful crystals by vapor
diffusion in microgravity, and on the last two flights (STS-37 and STS-43),
crystals of bovine insulin were grown using the batch method. The six most
recent flight experiments have had temperature control. The results from these
experiments show that microgravity-grown crystals have higher internal
molecular order than their Earth-grown counterparts.
In the three 20-chambered, 15" x 10" x 1.5" trays of the STS-48 experiment,
crystals will be grown at room temperature (22 degrees Celsius). After
experiment activation and just before deactivation, the mission specialist will
videotape with a camcorder the droplets in the chambers. Then all the droplets
and any protein crystals grown will be drawn back into the syringes. The
syringes will then be resealed for reentry. Upon landing, the hardware will be
turned over to the investigating team for analysis.
The protein crystal growth experiments are sponsored by NASA's Office of Space
Science and Applications Microgravity Science and Applications Division and the
Office of Commercial Programs. The principal investigator is Dr. Charles Bugg
of the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Ala., is managing the flight of the experiments. Blair Herren is
the experiment manager and Richard E. Valentine is the mission manager for the
PCG experiment at the center. Julia Goldberg is the integration engineer, and
Dr. Daniel Carter is the project scientist for the PCG experiment at Marshall.
PROTEINS SELECTED TO FLY ON STS-48
Protein Investigator
Fc fragment of mouse immunoglobin A Dr. George Birnbaum
Fab YST9-1 Dr. George Birnbaum
Anti-HPr Fab fragment Dr. Louis Delbaere
2 domain CD4 (1-183) Dr. Howard Einspahr
Beta-Lactamase (Entero-c-P99) Dr. James Knox
Canavalin Satellite Dr. Alex McPherson
Satellite Tobacco Mosaic Virus Dr. Alex McPherson
Interleukin-4 Dr. T.L. Nagabhushan
Bovine Proline Isomerase Dr. Manuel Navia
Thermolysin Dr. Manuel Navia
Recombinant Bacterial Luciferase Dr. Keith Ward
Apostreptavidin Dr. Pat Weber
MIDDECK 0-GRAVITY DYNAMICS EXPERIMENT
Discovery's STS-48 mission carries one of the more complex experiments ever to
be tested in the orbiter's middeck cabin area. MODE -- for Middeck 0-gravity
Dynamics Experiment -- will study mechanical and fluid behavior of components
for Space Station Freedom and other future spacecraft.
MODE, developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is the first
university experiment to fly in the NASA Office of Aeronautics, Exploration and
Technology's In-Space Technology Experiment and Technology program. IN-STEP, an
outreach effort that began in 1987, allows universities, industry and the
government to develop small, inexpensive technology flight experiments.
Testing space structures in the normal 1g environment of Earth poses problems
because gravity significantly influences their dynamic response. Also, the
suspension systems needed for tests in 1g further complicate the gravity
effects. Models of space structures intended for use in microgravity can be
tested more realistically in the weightlessness of space.
The MODE experiment consists of special electronically-instrumented hardware
that Discovery's astronauts will test in the craft's pressurized middeck
section. MODE will study the sloshing of fluids in partially-filled containers
and the vibration characteristics of jointed truss structures.
MODE occupies 3 1/2 standard Shuttle middeck lockers. One locker contains an
experiment support module that controls the experiment. The module contains a
special purpose computer, high speed input/output data and control lines to the
test articles, a power conditioning system, signal generator, signal
conditioning amplifiers and a high capacity optical disk data recording system.
The other middeck lockers accommodate fluid test articles (FTA), a
partially-assembled structural test article (STA), optical data storage disks
and a shaker that mounts to the experiment support module. The FTAs and shaker
attach to the support module for testing. The STA floats free in the
weightlessness of the middeck, but connects to the support module with an
umbilical through which excitation and sensor signals travel.
In orbit, the astronauts command the computer via a keypad to execute test
routines stored on the optical recorder before launch. Once a test routine
begins, the computer and associated control circuits energize the containers or
the truss with precisely controlled forces and then measure the response. The
Shuttle crew members use an alpha-numeric display to monitor the status and
progress of each test.
The four fluid test articles are Lexan cylinders -- two containing silicon oil
and two containing water. Silicon oil has dynamic properties that approximate
those of typical spacecraft fluid propellants. Water is more likely than the
silicon oil to stay together at one end of the cylinder, an important test
condition. The same basic dynamic information will be obtained for both fluids.
The cylinders mount one at a time to a force balance that connects to a shaker
on the support module. The balance will measure the forces arising from the
motion of the fluid inside the tanks. These forces, with other data such as
test article accelerations and the ambient acceleration levels of the entire
assembly, will be recorded in digital form on an optical disk.
The structural test article is a truss model of part of a large space
structure. It includes 4 strain gauges and 11 accelerometers and is vibrated by
an actuator. When deployed in the Shuttle orbiter's middeck, the test device is
about 72 inches long with an 8-inch square cross section.
There are two types of trusses, deployable and erectable. The deployable
structures are stored folded and are unhinged and snapped into place for the
tests. The erectable structure is a collection of individual truss elements
that screw into round joints or "nodes."
Four different truss configurations are slated for testing. First, the basic
truss will be evaluated. It is an in-line combination of truss sections, with
an erectable module flanked by deployable modules mounted on either end. Next,
a rotary joint, similar to the Space Station Freedom "alpha joint" that will
govern the orientation of the station's solar arrays, will replace the
erectable section.
The third configuration will be L-shaped combination of a deployable truss,
rotary joint and erectable module (all mounted in-line) and another deployable
section mounted at a 90-degree angle to the end of the erectable truss. The
final arrangement will mount a flexible appendage simulating a solar panel or a
solar dynamic module to the elbow of the L-shaped third configuration.
Both test articles will be tested using vibrations over a specified frequency
range. On-orbit experiment operations with both devices will include assembly,
calibration, performance of test routines and stowage.
MODE requires two 8-hour test periods in orbit. Researchers expect to obtain
more than 4 million bits of digital data, about 4 hours of video tape and more
than 100 photographs. The space-based data will be analyzed and detailed
comparisons made with pre-and post-flight measurements done on the flight
hardware using laboratory suspension systems. The results also will refine
numerical models used to predict the dynamic behavior of the test articles.
This low-cost experiment will provide better understanding of the capabilities
and limitations of ground-based suspension systems used to measure the dynamic
response of complex structures. It should lead to more sophisticated computer
models that more accurately predict the performance of future large space
structures and the impact of moving liquids in future spacecraft.
In response to the 1987 IN-STEP program solicitation, the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) Space Engineering Research Center developed MODE
and received a NASA contract in 1987. MIT selected Payload Systems Inc.,
Cambridge, Mass., as the prime subcontractor responsible for hardware
fabrication, certification and mission support. McDonnell Douglas Space Systems
Co., Huntington Beach, Calif., joined the program in 1989 using its own funds
to support design and construction of part of the structural test article.
NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., manages the contract. With NASA
Headquarters, Langley also provides technical and administrative assistance to
integrate the payload into Discovery for STS-48.
Sherwin M. Beck is the NASA MODE Project Manager at Langley. MIT Professor
Edward F. Crawley is the experiment's Principal Investigator. Edward Bokhour is
Hardware Development Manager at Payload Systems, Inc., and Dr. Andrew S. Bicos
is the Project Scientist at McDonnell Douglas Space Systems Company.
COSMIC RADIATION EFFECTS AND ACTIVATION MONITOR
The Cosmic Radiation Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM) experiment is
designed to collect data on cosmic ray energy loss spectra, neutron fluxes and
induced radioactivity.
The data will be collected by active and passive monitors placed at specific
locations throughout the orbiter's cabin. CREAM data will be obtained from the
same locations that will be used to gather data for the Shuttle Activation
Monitor experiment in an attempt to correlate data between the two.
The active monitor will be used to obtain real-time spectral data, while the
passive monitors will obtain data during the entire mission to be analyzed
after the flight. The flight hardware has the active cosmic ray monitor, a
passive sodium iodide detector, and up to five passive detector packages. All
hardware fits in one locker on Discovery's middeck.
Once in orbit the payload will be unstowed and operated by the crew. A crew
member will be available at regular intervals to monitor the
payload/experiment. CREAM is sponsored by the Department of Defense.
RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III
The Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III measures ionizing radiation exposure to
the crew within the orbiter cabin. RME-III measures gamma ray, electron,
neutron and proton radiation and calculates, in real time, exposure in RADS-
tissue equivalent. The information is stored in memory modules for post-flight
analysis.
The hand-held instrument will be stored in a middeck locker during flight
except for activation and memory module replacement every 2 days. RME-III will
be activated by the crew as soon as possible after reaching orbit and operated
throughout the mission. A crew member will enter the correct mission elapsed
time upon activation.
RME-III is the current configuration, replacing the earlier RME-I and RME-II
units. RME-III last flew on STS-31. The experiment has four zinc-air batteries
and five AA batteries in each replaceable memory module. RME-III is sponsored
by the Department of Defense in cooperation with NASA.
AIR FORCE MAUI OPTICAL SYSTEM
The Air Force Maui Optical System (AMOS) is an electrical-optical facility
located on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The facility tracks the orbiter as it
flies over the area and records signatures from thruster firings, water dumps
or the phenomena of shuttle glow, a well-documented glowing effect around the
Shuttle caused by the interaction of atomic oxygen with the spacecraft. The
information obtained is used to calibrate the infrared and optical sensors at
the facility. No hardware onboard the Shuttle is needed for the system.
SHUTTLE ACTIVATION MONITOR
The Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM) is designed to measure gamma ray data
within the orbiter as a function of time and location. Located in the middeck,
the crew will install a foil packet at four locations onboard. A tape recorder
and two detector assemblies will record the information. Each activation of the
experiment will last about 12 hours and will record information from a
different location of the cabin. SAM is sponsored by the Air Force Space
Systems Division, Los Angeles, Calif.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING
The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP), a middeck payload,
will make its fourth Space Shuttle flight for the Columbus, Ohio-based Battelle
Advanced Materials Center, a NASA Center for the Commercial Development of
Space (CCDS), sponsored in part by the Office of Commercial Programs.
The objective of the IPMP is to investigate the physical and chemical processes
that occur during the formation of polymer membranes in microgravity such that
the improved knowledge base can be applied to commercial membrane processing
techniques. Supporting the overall program objective, the STS-48 mission will
provide additional data on the polymer precipitation process.
Polymer membranes have been used by industry in separation processes for many
years. Typical applications include enriching the oxygen content of air,
desalination of water and kidney dialysis.
Polymer membranes frequently are made using a two-step process. A sample
mixture of polymer and solvents is applied to a casting surface. The first step
involves the evaporation of solvents from the mixture. In the second step, the
remaining sample is immersed in a fluid (typically water) bath to precipitate
the membrane from the solution and complete the process.
On the STS-48 mission, Commander John Creighton will operate the IPMP
experiment. He will begin by removing the units from their stowage location in
a middeck locker. By turning the unit's valve to the first stop, the
evaporation process is initiated. After a specified period consisting of
several minutes, a quench procedure will be initiated. The quench consists of
introducing a humid atmosphere which will allow the polymer membrane to
precipitate out. Ground-based research indicates that the precipitation process
should be complete after approximately 10 minutes, and the entire procedure is
at that point effectively quenched. The two units remain stowed in the locker
for the flight's duration.
Following the flight, the samples will be retrieved and returned to Battelle
for testing. Portions of the samples will be sent to the CCDS's industry
partners for quantitative evaluation consisting of comparisons of the
membranes' permeability and selectivity characteristics with those of
laboratory-produced membranes.
Lisa A. McCauley, Associate Director of the Battelle CCDS, is program manager
for IPMP. Dr. Vince McGinness of Battelle is principal investigator.
ELECTRONIC STILL PHOTOGRAPHY TEST
Electronic still photography is a new technology that enables a camera to
electronically capture and digitize an image with resolution approaching film
quality. The digital image is stored on removable hard disks or small optical
disks, and can be converted to a format suitable for downlink transmission or
enhanced using image processing software. The ability to enhance and annotate
high-resolution images on orbit and downlink them in realtime is expected to
greatly improve photo-documentation capabilities in Earth observations and
on-board activity on the Space Shuttle as well as future long-duration flights
such as Space Station Freedom or a human mission to Mars.
During the STS-48 mission, NASA will evaluate the on-orbit and downlinking
performance and capabilities of the Electronic Still Camera (ESC), a handheld,
self-contained digital camera developed by the Man-Systems Division at Johnson
Space Center. The ESC is the first model in a planned evolutionary development
leading to a family of high-resolution digital imaging devices.
Additionally, through a Technical Exchange Agreement with NASA's Office of
Commercial Programs, Autometric, Inc., Alexandria, Va., will assess the utility
of the camera for commercial applications in close range photogrammetry,
terrestrial monitoring and near realtime capabilities.
The basic photographic platform is a Nikon F4 35mm film camera converted to a
digital image storing device by placement of a 1 million picture element
(pixel) charge coupled device (CCD) at the film plane. The battery-operated ESC
retains all the available features of the F4 and will accept any lense or
optics with a Nikon mount. Lenses used on STS-48 will include the 20mm AF
Nikkor, 35-70mm zoom AF Nikkor, 50mm f/1.2 AF Nikkor and 180mm AF Nikkor.
Images obtained during the STS-48 mission will be monochrome with 8 bits of
digital information per pixel (256 gray levels) and stored on a removable
computer hard disk. The images may be viewed and enhanced on board using a
modified lap-top computer before being transmitted to the ground via the
orbiter digital downlinks.
During STS-48, the ESC will be used to image areas of interest to commercial
remote sensing users. Scenes of Earth, such as major cities and geological
formations will be used to compare the ESC to other Earth-looking sensors.
Images of Shuttle crew member tasks in the middeck and payload bay will be
taken to test the camera's use for documentation and support to missions.
Attempts will be made to collect stereo pairs at close and far ranges to test
the camera's photogrammetric capabilities.
In addition to imagery collection by the Shuttle crew, three ground-based tasks
will be employed to demonstrate the advantages of a digital system. The first
will provide hard-copy prints of the downlinked images during the mission. Upon
receipt at the Mission Control Center, the images will be processed on a
workstation and stored on disks for transfer to JSC's Electronic Still Camera
Laboratory.
There, the images will be processed by Autometric and printed with the 3M Color
Laser Imager, an advanced 300 dpi color output device capable of printing over
170 photographic quality originals an hour. The goal is to have hard-copy
images within 1 hour after the image is received in Mission Control.
The second demonstration will be performed in conjunction with the Virginia
Institute of Marine Sciences (VIMS). To provide additional imagery to compare
with the ESC data, VIMS will conduct a simultaneous collection of imagery with
an airborne sensor of the Colonial National Historic Park and the Middle
Peninsula of Virginia.
The third task will test the ability to respond to ad hoc imaging requirements
which could provide critical support to management of natural disasters and
other crises. After the mission commences, an area of interest will be named,
it's location precisely defined and collection times identified. The imagery
then will be downlinked to and printed at JSC.
H. Don Yeates, Man-Systems Divison, Johnson Space Center, is program manager
for the Electronic Still Camera. Jennifer Visick is the program manager for
Autometric, Inc.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL RODENT EXPERIMENT
The Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE-01) is the first in a
series of planned experiments that focuses on physiological and developmental
adaptation to microgravity.
The PARE-01 experiment will examine changes caused by exposure to microgravity
in anti-gravity muscles (those used for movement) and in tissues not involved
in movement. Previous experience has indicated that muscle atrophy resulting
from exposure to the weightlessness of space is a serious consideration,
particularly for missions of extended duration. This and similar research may
ultimately lead to a better understanding of muscle wasting, which could lead
to development of treatments for muscle atrophy in patients confined to bed for
long periods of time, as well as for astronauts.
Through previous ground-based research, the principal investigator has
identified glucose transport as one important factor in muscle atrophy and the
breakdown of muscle proteins. The objectives of this flight experiment are to
determine whether microgravity affects insulin control of glucose transport in
an anti-gravity muscle (the soleus); to confirm that in microgravity,
non-load-bearing tissues (the heart, liver and adipose tissue) store additional
amounts of glycogen as a result of altered regulation of glucose metabolism;
and to provide the first data regarding changes in muscle mass and protein
content in developing mammals exposed to microgravity.
In this experiment, eight young, healthy rats will fly on the Space Shuttle.
After flight, full ground studies housing an identical group of animals under
identical conditions (except for the presence of gravity) will be conducted.
Both groups will be housed in self-contained animal enclosure modules that
provide food, water and environmental control throughout the flight. The
experiment's design and intent have received the review and approval of the
animal care and use committees at both NASA and the University of Arizona.
Laboratory animal veterinarians will oversee the selection, care and handling
of the rats.
Following the flight, the rat tissues will be thoroughly evaluated by Dr. Marc
Tischler of the College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, the
principal investigator. Payload and mission integration support is provided by
NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif.
STS-48 CREW BIOGRAPHIES
John O. Creighton, 48, Capt., USN, will serve as Commander of STS-48 and will
be making his third space flight. Creighton, from Seattle, Wash., was selected
as an astronaut in January 1978.
Creighton graduated from Ballard High School in Seattle in 1961; received a
bachelor of science from the United States Naval Academy in 1966 and a masters
of science in administration of science and technology from George Washington
University in 1978.
Creighton received his wings in October 1967. From July 1968 to May 1970, he
flew F-4Js and made two combat deployments to Vietnam aboard the USS Ranger. In
June 1970, he attended the Naval Test Pilot School. After graduation, he served
as the F-14 engine development project officer with the Service Test Division
at the Naval Air Station in Patuxent River, Md. He later became a member of the
first F-14 operational squadron. At the time of his selection by NASA, he was
assigned as an operations officer and an F-14 program manager in the Naval Air
Test Center's Strike Directorate.
Creighton first flew as pilot aboard Shuttle mission STS-51G in June 1985, a
mission that deployed communications satellites for Mexico, the Arab League,
and the U.S. Creighton next flew as Commander of STS-36, a March 1990
Department of Defense-dedicated Shuttle flight. He has logged 276 hours in
space.
Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr., 40, Cmdr., USN, will serve as pilot. Selected as an
astronaut in June 1987, Reightler considers Virginia Beach, Va., his hometown
and will be making his first space flight.
He graduated from Bayside High School in Virginia Beach in 1969; received a
bachelor of science in aerospace engineering from the Naval Academy in 1973;
and received a masters of science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval
Postgraduate School and a masters in systems management from the University of
Southern California in 1984.
Reightler was designated a naval aviator at Corpus Christi, Texas., in 1973,
and then served as Mission Commander and Patrol Plane Commander to Patrol
Squadron 16 in Jacksonville, Fla. Reightler graduated from the Naval Test Pilot
School in 1978, and he served as a senior airborne systems instructor pilot and
later as a chief flight instructor there until his selection by NASA.
Charles D. (Sam) Gemar, 36, Major, USA, will be Mission Specialist 1. Selected
as an astronaut in June 1985, Gemar will be making his second space flight and
considers Scotland, S.D., his hometown.
Gemar graduated from Scotland Public High School in 1973 and received a
bachelor of science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy in 1979.
Gemar was assigned to the 18th Airborne Corps at Ft. Bragg, N.C., in November
1973. After attending the Military Academy, he studied entry rotary wing
aviation and fixed-wing, multi-engine aviation. Until his selection by NASA, he
was assigned with the 24th Infantry Division, where he served as Wright Army
Airfield Commander, among other duties.
Gemar served as a mission specialist on STS-38, a Department of
Defense-dedicated flight in November 1990. Gemar has logged 117 hours in space.
James F. Buchli, 46, Col., USMC, will be Mission Specialist 2. Selected as an
astronaut in August 1979, Buchli considers New Rockford, N.D., his hometown and
will be making his fourth space flight.
Buchli graduated from Fargo Central High School, Fargo, N.D., in 1973; received
a bachelor of science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Academy in
1967.and received a masters of science in aeronautical engineering systems from
the University of West Florida in 1975.
Buchli served as Platoon Commander of the 9th Marine Regiment and later as a
Company Commander and Executive Officer of "B" Company, 3rd Reconnaissance
Battalion, in Vietnam. In 1969, he went through naval flight officer training
at Pensacola, Fla. After graduation, he was assigned to various fighter attack
squadrons in Hawaii, Japan and South Carolina.
Buchli first flew as a mission specialist on STS-51C, the first Department of
Defense-dedicated Shuttle mission in January 1985. He next flew on STS-61A, a
German Spacelab flight, as a mission specialist in November 1985. His third
flight was mission STS-29 in March 1989, a flight that deployed the third
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. Buchli has logged 362 hours in space.
Mark N. Brown, 40, Col., USAF, will be Mission Specialist 3. Selected as an
astronaut in May 1984, Brown considers Valparaiso, Ind., his hometown and will
be making his second space flight.
Brown graduated from Valparaiso High School in 1969; received a bachelor of
science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue University in
1973; and received a masters of science in astronautical engineering from the
Air Force Institute of Technology in 1980.
Brown received his pilot wings at Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas, in 1974, and
was assigned to the 87th Fighter Interceptor Squadron at K.I. Sawyer Air Force
Base, Mich. In 1979, Brown was transferred to the Air Force Institute of
Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Brown was employed by
NASA's Johnson Space Center at the time of his selection as an astronaut, with
duties that included a Flight Activities Officer in Mission Control and
development of many contingency procedures for the Shuttle.
Brown first flew on STS-28, a Department of Defense-dedicated flight in August
1989. He has logged a total of 121 hours in space.
STS-48 MISSION MANAGEMENT
NASA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, D.C.
Richard H. Truly - NASA Administrator
J. R. Thompson - Deputy Administrator
Office of Space Flight
Dr. William Lenoir - Associate Administrator, Office of Space Flight
Robert L. Crippen - Director, Space Shuttle
Leonard S. Nicholson - Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Program)
Brewster H. Shaw - Deputy Director, Space Shuttle (Operations)
Office of Space Science
Dr. L. A. Fisk, Associate Administrator, Space Science and Applications
Alphonso V. Diaz, Deputy Associate Administrator, Space Science and
Applications
Dr. Shelby G. Tilford, Director, Earth Science and Applications Division
Michael R. Luther, Program Manager
Dr. Robert J. McNeal, Program Scientist
Office of Aeronautics, Exploration and Technology
Arnold D. Aldrich, Associate Administrator for Aeronautics, Exploration and
Technology
Gregory S. Reck, Director for Space technology
Jack Levine, Director, Flight Projects Division
Jon S. Pyle, Manager, IN-STEP
Lelia Vann, MODE Program manager
Office of Commercial Programs
James T. Rose, Assistant Administrator for Commercial Programs
J. Michael Smith, Deputy Assistant Administrator for Commercial Programs
(Program Development)
Richard H. Ott, Director, Commercial Development Division
Garland C. Misener, Chief, Flight Requirements and Accommodations
Ana M. Villamil, Program Manager, Centers for the Commercial Development of
Space
John L. Emond, Agreements Coordinator
Office of Safety and Mission Quality
George A. Rodney, Associate Administrator for Safety and Mission Quality
James H. Ehl, Deputy Associate Administrator for Safety and Mission Quality
Richard U. Perry, Director, Programs Assurance Division
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD.
Dr. John M. Klineberg, Director
Charles E. Trevathan, Project Manager
Dr. Carl A. Reber, Project Scientist
John L. Donley, Deputy Project Manager
Richard F. Baker, Deputy Project Manager/Resources
John Pandelides, Ground and Mission Systems Manager
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA.
Forrest S. McCartney, Director
Jay Honeycutt, Director, Shuttle Management and Operations
Robert B. Sieck, Launch Director
John T. Conway, Director, Payload Management and Operations
Joanne H. Morgan, Director, Payload Project Management
Roelof Schuiling, STS-48 Payload Manager
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, ALA.
Thomas J. Lee, Director
Dr. J. Wayne Littles, Deputy Director
G. Porter Bridwell, Manager, Shuttle Projects Office
Dr. George F. McDonough, Director, Science and Engineering
Alexander A. McCool, Director, Safety and Mission Assurance
Victor Keith Henson, Manager, Solid Rocket Motor Project
Cary H. Rutland, Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project
Jerry W. Smelser, Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project
Gerald C. Ladner, Manager, External Tank Project
JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TEX.
Aaron Cohen, Director
Paul J. Weitz, Deputy Director
Daniel Germany, Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects
Donald Puddy, Director, Flight Crew Operations
Eugene F. Kranz, Director, Mission Operations
Henry O. Pohl, Director, Engineering
Charles S. Harlan, Director - Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance
Robert Stuckey, MODE Payload Integration Manager
STENNIS SPACE CENTER, BAY ST. LOUIS, MISS.
Roy S. Estess, Director
Gerald W. Smith, Deputy Director
J. Harry Guin, Director, Propulsion Test Operations
AMES-DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH FACILITY, EDWARDS, CALIF.
Kenneth J. Szalai, Director
T. G. Ayers, Deputy Director
James R. Phelps, Chief, Shuttle Support Office
AMES RESEARCH CENTER, MOFFETT FIELD, CALIF.
Dr. Dale L. Compton, Director
Victor L. Peterson, Deputy Director
Dr. Steven A. Hawley, Associate Director
Dr. Joseph C. Sharp, Director, Space Research
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER, HAMPTON, VA
Richard H. Petersen, Director
W. Ray Hook, Director for Space
Joseph B. Talbot, Manager, Space Station Freedom Office
Lenwood G. Clark, Manager, Experiments Office
Robert W. Buchan, NASA MODE Experiment Manager
Sherwin M. Beck, NASA MODE Project Manager
